{"id":2735,"date":"2020-07-21T17:55:40","date_gmt":"2020-07-21T15:55:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/?page_id=2735"},"modified":"2025-01-16T10:37:30","modified_gmt":"2025-01-16T09:37:30","slug":"paik-kanesh","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/paik\/paik-kanesh\/","title":{"rendered":"PAIK &#8211; Kanesh"},"content":{"rendered":"\r\n<div class=\"slider-wrapper relative\" id=\"slider-1145380100\" >\n    <div class=\"slider slider-nav-reveal slider-nav-large slider-nav-light slider-style-normal\"\n        data-flickity-options='{\n            \"cellAlign\": \"center\",\n            \"imagesLoaded\": true,\n            \"lazyLoad\": 1,\n            \"freeScroll\": false,\n            \"wrapAround\": true,\n            \"autoPlay\": 6000,\n            \"pauseAutoPlayOnHover\" : true,\n            \"prevNextButtons\": false,\n            \"contain\" : true,\n            \"adaptiveHeight\" : true,\n            \"dragThreshold\" : 10,\n            \"percentPosition\": true,\n            \"pageDots\": false,\n            \"rightToLeft\": false,\n            \"draggable\": false,\n            \"selectedAttraction\": 0.1,\n            \"parallax\" : 0,\n            \"friction\": 0.6        }'\n        >\n        \r\n\r\n\n  <div class=\"banner has-hover\" id=\"banner-216871248\">\n          <div class=\"banner-inner fill\">\n        <div class=\"banner-bg fill\" >\n            <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"5440\" height=\"4080\" src=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/figura-1.jpg\" class=\"bg attachment-original size-original\" alt=\"\" \/>                                    \n                    <\/div>\n\t\t\n        <div class=\"banner-layers container\">\n            <div class=\"fill banner-link\"><\/div>            \r\n\r\n        <\/div>\n      <\/div>\n\n            \n<style>\n#banner-216871248 {\n  padding-top: 300px;\n}\n#banner-216871248 .banner-bg img {\n  object-position: 100% 19%;\n}\n<\/style>\n  <\/div>\n\n\r\n\r\n     <\/div>\n\n     <div class=\"loading-spin dark large centered\"><\/div>\n\n\t<\/div>\n\n\r\n<div class=\"row align-middle\"  id=\"row-1151373619\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1502370485\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n<h2 style=\"text-align: left;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SpellingErrorV2Themed SCXW200791093 BCX8\">K\u00fcltepe<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">, the <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">ncient<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\"> city of <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">K<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">a<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">nesh<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">\/<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">Nesh<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW200791093 BCX8\">a<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW200791093 BCX8\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559685&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><\/h2>\r\n<div>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">The site of K\u00fcltepe, located in Cappadocia in the province of Kayseri, corresponds to the ancient city of Kanesh\/Nesha.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">The settlement is divided into two main and distinct areas: a circular mound, 21 meters high and approximately 23 hectares wide, which was inhabited intermittently from the Early Bronze Age (mid-3rd millennium BC) to the Hellenistic-Roman Period, and a lower town, which was occupied only during the Middle Bronze Age (first half of the 2nd millennium BC).<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">K\u00fcltepe already maintained close commercial ties since the Early Bronze Age with other regions of the Anatolian plateau, Syria, and northern Mesopotamia. However, it was at the beginning of the Middle Bronze Age, coinciding with the development and progression of the Old Assyrian trade, that the city reached its peak, acquiring a clear urban dimension. In fact, the mound underwent a profound reorganization with the construction of important public buildings connected by a large stone-paved square. These included two temple buildings, associated with cultic structures made of stone, a palace located on the southern terrace, a series of auxiliary structures, as well as residential buildings of the local elite.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Simultaneously, at the foot of the mound, the lower town emerged with an Assyrian commercial district (<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">k\u0101rum<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">) which was inhabited by merchants from the capital Assur, in present-day northern Iraq. The lower town presents four architectural phases, with the earliest one attested only through ephemeral traces. The phase known as <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">k\u0101rum II<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> (Middle Bronze I) is the richest and best documented, as tens of thousands of cuneiform tablets (around 23,000 specimens) have been found here in the archives of the merchants\u2019 houses, which testify to the intensity and nature of the trade. This trade primarily involved precious metals\u2014gold and silver\u2014coming from Anatolia and destined for Assyria, as well as goods such as textiles and tin imported from Assyria and introduced into Anatolian trade networks.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">Following a fire dated to the late 19th century BC, the lower town was rebuilt, and trade with northern Mesopotamia resumed, albeit on a reduced scale. The difficulties in maintaining these commercial exchanges are explained by a context of profound political changes in Central Anatolia, shaken by continuous rivalries between city-states, which ultimately led to the abandonment of the entire settlement throughout the Late Bronze Age.<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<span data-contrast=\"none\">An emblematic clue of this last phase is the <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">Text of Anitta<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\"> which, despite its propagandistic nature, is an account of the military expansion initiated from peripheral areas and conducted by Anitta himself to quell revolts and conquer strategic cities, incuding K\u00fcltepe, at the end of the 18th century BC. Despite the city\u2019s progressive loss of economic and political importance, its cultural influence persisted even during the subsequent Hittite Empire, not only materially but also linguistically: Hittite was in fact called <\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">ne\u0161ili<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">, meaning \u201cthe language of Nesha\/Kanesh.\u201d<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\t<div id=\"gap-1451455596\" class=\"gap-element clearfix\" style=\"display:block; height:auto;\">\n\t\t\n<style>\n#gap-1451455596 {\n  padding-top: 30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-862889237\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1342975371\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_180418436\">\n\t\t<a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-1204x800.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner image-cover dark\" style=\"padding-top:53%;\">\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1020\" height=\"678\" src=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-1204x800.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-1204x800.jpg 1204w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-602x400.jpg 602w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-768x510.jpg 768w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-1536x1021.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-1-2048x1361.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1020px) 100vw, 1020px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\n<style>\n#image_180418436 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\nAereal view of the site of K\u00fcltepe. \u00a9K\u00fcltepe Excavations Archive\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-224873317\" class=\"col medium-6 small-12 large-6\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_2104628653\">\n\t\t<a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-2-647x800.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner image-cover dark\" style=\"padding-top:53%;\">\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"647\" height=\"800\" src=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-2-647x800.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-2-647x800.jpg 647w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-2-324x400.jpg 324w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-2.jpg 696w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 647px) 100vw, 647px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\n<style>\n#image_2104628653 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\nView of the k\u0101rum in the Lower Town of K\u00fcltepe. \u00a9K\u00fcltepe Excavations Archive\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-1216201444\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1094046117\" class=\"col small-12 large-12\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t<div class=\"img has-hover x md-x lg-x y md-y lg-y\" id=\"image_434265419\">\n\t\t<a class=\"image-lightbox lightbox-gallery\" title=\"\" href=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3.jpg\">\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-inner dark\" >\n\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"2377\" height=\"1558\" src=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-original size-original\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3.jpg 2377w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3-610x400.jpg 610w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3-1221x800.jpg 1221w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3-768x503.jpg 768w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3-1536x1007.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/12\/Fig.-3-2048x1342.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2377px) 100vw, 2377px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\t\t\n<style>\n#image_434265419 {\n  width: 100%;\n}\n<\/style>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\r\n\r\n<span class=\"TextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-US\" xml:lang=\"EN-US\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\">Domestic<\/span> <span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\">structures<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\"> of the L<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\">ower<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW138784937 BCX8\"> City<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW138784937 BCX8\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;335559738&quot;:240,&quot;335559739&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span>. \u00a9K\u00fcltepe Excavations Archive\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<div class=\"row\"  id=\"row-573092985\">\r\n\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-1119050764\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/paik\/\" class=\"button primary is-outline expand\"  >\n\t<i class=\"icon-angle-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><\/i>\t<span>PAIK<\/span>\n\t<\/a>\n\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-373810543\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\n\t<div id=\"col-685295741\" class=\"col medium-4 small-12 large-4\"  >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-inner\"  >\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\r\n\r\n<a href=\"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/paik\/paik-citta-bassa\/\" class=\"button primary is-outline expand\"  >\n\t\t<span>K\u00fcltepe\/Kanesh upper town<\/span>\n\t<i class=\"icon-play\" aria-hidden=\"true\" ><\/i><\/a>\n\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\r\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2731,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"page-blank.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-2735","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2735","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2735"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2735\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6091,"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2735\/revisions\/6091"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2731"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/orienteantico.unimi.it\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2735"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}